客家孤島語言傳承與周邊族群：以宜蘭大南澳濱海客家為例
王保鍵
《摘要》
客家委員會依客家基本法指定70個鄉（鎮、市、區）為「客家文化重點發展區」，並為「客語通行語地區」。惟「非客家文化重點發展區」內存有客家人高度聚居之「村（里）」，周邊環繞閩南人或原住民等，呈現客家族群孤立於其他族群人口群聚區域之「客家孤島」。「客家孤島」約略可分為「單村式」及「複村式」兩種態樣，宜蘭大南澳為「單村式客家孤島」。本文以文獻分析法，運用Berry涵化理論，探討宜蘭大南澳之濱海客家孤島的形成與發展，獲致的研究發現為：（1）客家人移居大南澳後，形成「客家孤島」，再因族群產業之變化，發展出「半漁半農」（依海營生）的海洋客家文化，產生獨特的「濱海客家孤島」。（2）大南澳濱海客家孤島之客語保存，受到周邊族群的較大社會影響，呈現嚴峻的代際傳承危機，亟需國家政策介入。基於上開研究發現，本文建議應儘速通過客家語言發展法（草案），以客家語言發展法（草案）第4條所定「客語為通行語第三類地區」（村／里），作為推動「客家孤島」發展之引擎。
[關鍵詞]：客家文化重點發展區、客家孤島、濱海客家文化、客語
Language Transmission of Hakka Ethnic Enclaves and Neighbouring Groups: The Example of Marine Hakka in Danan’ao, Yilan Tien-Shen Li, Manabu Terayama
Pao-Chien Wang
Abstract
The Hakka Affairs Council has designated 70 townships (cities/districts) as “major Hakka cultural areas” and “regional language areas”. In some villages of the “non-major Hakka cultural areas”, the Hakka people are highly concentrated geographically and surrounded by Minnan or aboriginal people. These villages are called the “Hakka ethnic enclaves”. The Hakka ethnic enclaves could be divided into two types -- “single village” and “complex village”. Danan’ao is classified as “complex village of Hakka ethnic enclave”. This essay employs the research method of literature review, as well as Berry’s model of acculturation, to explore the shape and development of the marina Hakka ethnic enclave in Danan’ao, Yilan. The essay finds that (1) Hakka migrants have transformed Danan’ao into a Hakka ethnic enclave. As the ethnic industry changed, the Hakka people developed the living model of “half fishing and half agriculture” (living depending on the sea). Danan’ao becomes marina Hakka ethnic enclave. (2) Influenced by larger society of the host ethnic Minnan, the Hakka language maintenance faces a serious crisis of intergenerational language transmission in Danan’ao. Without the intervention of government policy, the Hakka language may be irrevocably lost. Based on the above findings, the essay suggests that the government should approve the “draft Hakka Language Development Act” and designate the type 3 Hakka regional language areas (villages), which could promote the growing of the Hakka ethnic enclaves.
Keywords: major Hakka cultural areas, Hakka ethnic enclaves, marine Hakka culture, Hakka language