客語為區域通行語政策：加拿大經驗之啟發
王保鍵
《摘要》
臺灣《客家基本法》第3條規定客語為國家語言，國家應保障人民以客語為學習語言、接近使用公共服務及傳播資源等語言權利；同法第4條建構客語為區域通行語機制。在加拿大，為深化保障語言少數群體（法語群體）權利，安大略省依《法語服務法》建構「法語指定區」及「法語指定機構」機制。本文以文獻分析法，就國際人權法考察語言權利本質為公民權利，並探討加拿大安大略省之語言法制與實作，獲致的研究發現為：（1）安大略之法語指定機制，不但落實法語少數群體之權利保障，而且成為法語社群「溝通」與「身分認同」之重要支柱；（2）《客家基本法》第3條第2項所保障客語權利，為普遍性規範，各地應提供相同服務水準；但《客語為通行語實施辦法》以「客語為通行語地區」（客家文化重點發展區）為範圍，恐忽略「非」客家文化重點發展區之居民使用客語之語言權利。本文政策建議為：（1）臺灣可建構「客語指定機制」，包含「指定鄉鎮市區部分村里為客語通行語地區」及「客語通行語指定機構」兩種類型。（2）為落實國家語言權利保障，並考量國家語言之多元語種，建議由監察院國家人權委員會之委員1至3人，主責國家語言監察事務。
[關鍵詞]：安大略、國家語言、區域通行語、語言監察使
The Policy of Designated National Language Hakka as a Regional Language: Learning from Ontario’s Experience in Canada
Pao-Chien Wang
Abstract
In Taiwan, Article 3 of the Hakka Basic Act stipulates the Hakka language is a national language and the state should protect people’s rights to study, access to the public services, and access to the media using the Hakka language. Article 4 establishes the Hakka language as a regional language. In Canada’s Ontario Province, in order to protect the French minority, French designated areas were set up and an agency was designated in accordance with the French Language Services Act. This essay employs the research method of literature review to explore the language right based on the civil rights, as well as to discuss Ontario’s language policy experiences. The essay finds that (1) Ontario’s French designated institution not only protects the language rights of the francophone, but also serves as a pillar of communication and identity in the French community. (2) The people’s language rights, protected by article 3 of the Hakka Basic Act, should have the same level in each city; however, the “Regulations on Hakka Language as Regional Language” are applicable in the Major Hakka Cultural Areas. It may damage the language rights of Hakka people who live in “non-” Major Hakka Cultural Areas. The essay suggests that (1) Taiwan establish a regional language institution, which designates parts of townships/cities as using Hakka language in such areas and establish a bureaucracy to provide the people with language services for communication needs. (2) Taiwan strengthen the protection of people’s language rights while taking into consideration the diversity of the national languages. Toward that end, one to three members of National Human Rights Commission of the Control Yuan should focus on the issues of national languages.
Keywords: Ontario; national language; regional language; language ombudsman