美國政府公務員制度之改革（1990s-2010s）：以喬治亞州、佛羅里達州和國土安全部為例
柯三吉
《摘要》
本文旨在透過以美國喬治亞州、佛羅里達州和國土安全部的個案分析，來探討當代美國政府激進公務員制度之變革。本文首就美國政府激進公務員制度之核心概念-任意雇用關係進行探討。該核心概念應用於美國各級政府的彈性用人制度，雖涉及美國憲法問題，而引發美國公務員採取政治和法律手段對抗，反對取消「正當理由保護」和尋求憲法保護。然美國各州多數各級法院判例顯示，職位分類公務員雖有工作保障權，但採用任意僱用關係，係為合法制度。本文引述美國學者的評論，認為激進公務員制度，因缺乏可靠的方案評估，大多數州尚未顯現成果，但各州仍持續進行改革。然George W. Bush總統的國土安全部公務員制度變革實施結果，則因國會內政黨對立和聯邦政府各工會反對，於二○○九年Barack Obama總統就任時提出「寧靜管理議程」而宣告終止，論者認為這應是美國傳統憲政體制和政黨政治運作之體現。
[關鍵詞]： 美國、激進公務員制度、喬治亞州、佛羅里達州、國土安全部
Civil Service Reform in the United States of America(1990s-2010s): The Case Analyses of Georgia State, Florida State and Department of Homeland Security
Sun-Jyi Ke
Abstract
This paper attempts to investigate radical civil service reform in the United States of America by the case analyses of Georgia State, Florida State and Department of Homeland Security (DHS). This paper reviews core concept of radical civil service reform--at-will employment. At-will employment adopted by all levels of U.S. government is to reform civil service for managerial flexibility. Undoubtedly, those reforms would meet a great deal of political and legal resistance. None of the plaintiffs, however, prevailed on their constitutional claims. Finally, as this paper quotes U.S. academics as saying that strong political or public support for radical reforms has not materialized in most states mainly because of a lack of credible program evaluation and a shortage of evidence to prove their merit. At-will employment of DHS disclaimed 2009 because of partisan politics and unions opposition after President Barack Obama was inaugurated.
Keywords: U.S.A., radical civil service, Georgia State, Florida State, Department of Homeland Security