都會客家政策問題:以新北市為例
王保鍵
《摘要》
就大臺北地區之客家拓墾史,新北市新莊地區在清朝時期,不但是北臺灣的都會地區,更是客家人拓墾的中心。然而,當代新北市客家意象似乎未見新北市在地文化特色,官方舉辦的義民祭活動也在複製新竹地區的客家意象。融合在地的老客與新客、打造生成於在地的節慶活動、發展鑲嵌於土地的生活經驗,才是新北市自己的客家記憶,亦是發展都會客家的基礎。本文運用公共政策理論,以文獻分析法探索新北市客家拓墾發展及檢視新北市政府官方文書資料,發現新北市客家政策問題為:客家事務以社團為中心,又因客家社團多屬「新客」,致使新北市政府政策作為,忽略在地老客。同時,因客家社團成員老化,不易吸收客家青年,成為「以社團為中介」推動客家事務之困境。本文嘗試提出政策問題之解方:結合「人」與「地」的「客家聚落」,以生成於新北市的民俗文化、節慶活動,鏈結在地居民的生活經驗,形塑新北市客家集體記憶。
[關鍵詞]:客家社團、集體記憶、客家聚落
Policy Problems of Urban Hakka: The Example of New Taipei City
Pao-Chien Wang
Abstract
The history of Hakka development in greater Taipei shows that the Xinzhuang area was not only the metropolitan area of northern Taiwan but also the hub of Hakka settlements during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). However, New Taipei City’s contemporary Hakka image does not show enough local culture and its Yimin Festival just copies Hsinchu’s Hakka image. To build New Taipei City’s Hakka image and promote urban Hakka development, the government needs to integrate the “old-Hakka” and “new-Hakka”, to establish the local festival, and to develop life experiences embedded in the land. This paper employs theories on public policy as well as research methods of literature review to discuss the Hakka development in New Taipei City. It is found that the main policy problem is, Hakka policies are dominated by Hakka associations or groups. Most Hakka groups are organized by “new-Hakka”, leading to a government policy that ignores the local old-Hakka. Meanwhile, members of most Hakka associations are getting old and it has become increasingly difficult for them to recruit young people, increasing the government’s difficulties in promoting Hakka affairs. A solution is suggested that the government help build Hakka settlements, which combine people and lands. In order to establish the Hakka collective memory of New Taipei City, the government should create the local festivals based on local people’s life experiences.
Keywords: Hakka society, collective memory, Hakka settlement